1. What contributed to the widening of the “intellectual horizons” of young Creoles?

2. In your own words, summarize the conflicts that existed between Creoles and Peninsulares. Write 1-2 complete, detailed sentences.

3. Which European authors contributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideas in Latin America?

4. In what ways did the American and French Revolutions foment the growth of so-called “dangerous ideas” in Latin America? Give some specific examples.

5. What was the “most important result directly attributable to the French Revolution”? (what? where? who? when?)

6. What was one reason that Cuba did NOT fight for independence from Spain?

7. The inept rule of which Spanish king was one factor in setting the stage for Latin American independence?

8. What happened when the British tried to take over Buenos Aires in 1806? Why was this so significant?

9. What happened after King Charles IV allowed Napoleon the right to move French troops through Spain to invade Portugal? How did the resulting conflicts contribute to Latin American independence movements?

10. What are some similarities between the American Revolution and the Latin American independence movements?

11. What are some key differences between the American Revolution and Latin American independence movements?

12. Draw and label a basic map to show the location of the four main centers of the Latin American independence movements.

13. Who was the “symbol and hero” of the liberation movement in the northern part of South America? How did his background contribute to his leadership?

14. Why did some free blacks and mulattos help Spain in its fight against Venezuelan independence?

15. When did Venezuela finally achieve independence? Why had the struggle taken so long?

16. Which provinces were united to form Gran Colombia?

17. Who broke the “long-standing military stalemate” in the fight for Argentine independence in 1816? What else happened that year?

18. Why did the Argentine resistance army cross the Andes in January, 1817? What was their goal?

19. Although the independence of Peru was declared in 1821, why was the victory “far from complete”?

20. Which differing systems of government did San Martín and Bolivar favor?

21. Compare the ways that Argentine and Venezuelan historians describe the meeting of Bolivar and San Martín at Guayaquil, in the summer of 1822.